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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DS5002FP secure microprocessor chip is a secure version of the DS5001FP 128k soft microprocessor chip. In addition to the memory and I/O enhancements of the DS5001FP, the secure microprocessor chip incorporates the most sophisticated security features available in any processor. The security features of the DS5002FP include an array of mechanisms that are designed to resist all levels of threat, including observation, analysis, and physical attack. As a result, a massive effort is required to obtain any information about memory contents. Furthermore, the "soft" nature of the DS5002FP allows frequent modification of the secure information, thereby minimizing the value of any secure information obtained by such a massive effort.
FEATURES
8051-Compatible Microprocessor for Secure/Sensitive Applications Access 32kB, 64kB, or 128kB of NV SRAM for Program and/or Data Storage In-System Programming Through On-Chip Serial Port Can Modify Its Own Program or Data Memory in the End System Firmware Security Features Memory Stored in Encrypted Form Encryption Using On-Chip 64-Bit Key Automatic True Random Key Generator Self Destruct Input (SDI) Optional Top Coating Prevents Microprobe (DS5002FPM) Improved Security Over Previous Generations Protects Memory Contents from Piracy Crash-Proof Operation Maintains All Nonvolatile Resources for Over 10 Years in the Absence of Power Power-Fail Reset Early Warning Power-Fail Interrupt Watchdog Timer
PIN CONFIGURATION
TOP VIEW
BA11 P0.5/AD5 PE1 P0.6/AD6 BA10 P0.7/AD7 CE1 N.C. CE1N BD7 ALE BD6 N.C. BD5 P2.7/A15 BD4
80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65
P0.4AD4 CE2 PE2 BA9 P0.3/AD3 BA8 P0.2/AD2 BA13 P0.1/AD1 R/W P0.0/AD0 VCC0 VCC MSEL P1.0 BA14 P1.1 BA12 P1.2 BA7 P1.3 PE3 PE4 BA6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Dallas Semiconductor DS5002FP
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41
P2.6/A14 CE3 CE4 BD3 P2.5/A13 BD2 P2.4/A12 BD1 P2.3/A11 BD0 VLI SDI GND P2.2/A10 P2.1/A9 P2.0/A8 XTAL1 XTAL2 P3.7/RD P3.6/WR P3.5/TI PF VRST P3.4/T0
ORDERING INFORMATION
PART DS5002FP-16 DS5002FPM-16 DS5002FP-16N DS5002FMN-16 TEMP RANGE 0C to +70C 0C to +70C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C PIN-PACKAGE 80 QFP 80 QFP 80 QFP 80 QFP
Selector Guide appears at end of data sheet.
Note: Some revisions of this device may incorporate deviations from published specifications known as errata. Multiple revisions of any device may be simultaneously available through various sales channels. For information about device errata, click here: www.maxim-ic.com/errata.
P1.4 BA5 P1.5 BA4 P1.6 BA3 P1.7 PROG BA2 RST BA1 P3.0/RXD BA0 P3.1/TXD P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1
QFP
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REV: 030503
DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
The DS5002FP adheres to all AC and DC electrical specifications published for the DS5001FP. The absolute maximum ratings and unique specifications for the DS5002FP are listed below.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Voltage Range on Any Pin Relative to Ground Voltage Range on VCC Relative to Ground Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature* Soldering Temperature -0.3V to (VCC + 0.5V) -0.3V to +6.0V -40C to +85C -55C to +125C See IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020A
This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operation sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time can affect reliability. *Storage temperature is defined as the temperature of the device when VCC = 0V and VLI = 0V. In this state the contents of SRAM are not battery-backed and are undefined.
DC CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) PARAMETER Input Low Voltage Input High Voltage Input High Voltage (RST, XTAL1, PROG) Output Low Voltage at IOL = 1.6mA (Ports 1, 2, 3, PF) Output Low Voltage at IOL = 3.2mA (Ports 0, ALE, BA15-0, BD7-0, R/W, CE1N, CE 1-4, PE 1-4, VRST) Output High Voltage at IOH = -80A (Ports 1, 2, 3) Output High Voltage at IOH = -400A (Ports 0, ALE, BA15-0, BD7-0, R/W, CE1N, CE 1-4, PE 1-4, VRST) Input Low Current VIN = 0.45V (Ports 1, 2, 3) Transition Current; 1 to 0 VIN = 2.0V (Ports 1, 2, 3) SDI Input Low Voltage SDI Input High Voltage SDI Pulldown Resistor SYMBOL VIL VIH1 VIH2 VOL1 VOL2 VOH1 VOH2 IIL ITL ITL VILS VIHS RSDI 0C to +70C -40C to +85C (Note 12) (Note 1) (Notes 1, 11) CONDITIONS (Note 1) (Note 1) (Note 1) (Notes 1, 13) (Note 1) (Note 1) (Note 1) 2.4 2.4 MIN -0.3 2.0 3.5 0.15 0.15 4.8 4.8 -50 -500 -600 2.0 25 0.4 VCCO 60 TYP MAX +0.8 VCC + 0.3 VCC + 0.3 0.45 0.45 UNITS V V V V V V V A A A V V k
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
DC CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL Input Leakage Current (Port 0, IIL MSEL) RST Pulldown Resistor
VRST Pullup Resistor PROG Pullup Resistor
CONDITIONS 0.45 < VIN < VCC 0C to +70C -40C to +85C (Note 12)
MIN 40 30
TYP
MAX +10 150 180
UNITS A k k k
RRE RVR RPR VPFW VCCMIN VLI ICC IIDLE ISTOP CIN VCCO1 VCCO2 ICCO1 ILI
Power-Fail Warning Voltage Minimum Operating Voltage Lithium Supply Voltage Operating Current at 16MHz Idle Mode Current at 12MHz Stop Mode Current Pin Capacitance Output Supply Voltage (VCCO) Output Supply Battery-Backed Mode (VCCO, CE1-4, PE 1-2) Output Supply Current (Note 6) Lithium-Backed Quiescent Current (Note 7)
0C to +70C (Note 1) -40C to +85C (Notes 1, 12) 0C to +70C (Note 1) -40C to +85C (Notes 1, 12) (Note 1) (Note 2) 0C to +70C (Note 3) -40C to +85C (Notes 3, 12) (Note 4) (Note 5) (Notes 1, 2) 0C to +70C (Notes 1, 8) -40C to +85C (Notes 1, 8, 12) VCCO = VCC - 0.45V 0C to +70C -40C to +85C BAT = 3.0V (0C to +70C) (Note 1) BAT = 3.0V (-40C to +85C) (Notes 1, 12) BAT = 3.3V (0C to +70C) (Note 1)
4.25 4.1 4.00 3.85 2.5
4.7 40 4.37 4.37 4.12 4.09
4.5 4.6 4.25 4.25 4.0 36 7.0 8.0 80 10
V V V mA mA A pF V V
VCC -0.45 VLI -0.65 VLI -0.9 5 75 4.0 3.85 4.4 75 75 500 4.25 4.25 4.65
mA nA
Reset Trip Point in Stop Mode
AC CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 0V to 5V, TA = 0C to +70C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL SDI Pulse Reject (Note 10) SDI Pulse Accept (Note 10) tSPR tSPA CONDITIONS 4.5V < VCC < 5.5V VCC = 0V, VBAT = 2.9V 4.5V < VCC < 5.5V VCC = 0V, VBAT = 2.9V MIN TYP MAX 2 4 UNITS s s
10 50
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
AC CHARACTERISTICS--EXPANDED BUS MODE TIMING SPECIFICATIONS
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 1 and Figure 2) # PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS 1 Oscillator Frequency 1 / tCLK 2 ALE Pulse Width tALPW 3 Address Valid to ALE Low tAVALL 4 Address Hold After ALE Low tAVAAV 14 RD Pulse Width tRDPW 15 WR Pulse Width tWRPW 12MHz tRDLDV 16 RD Low to Valid Data In 16MHz 17 Data Hold after RD High tRDHDV 18 Data Float after RD High tRDHDZ 12MHz 19 ALE Low to Valid Data In tALLVD 16MHz 12MHz 20 Valid Address to Valid Data In tAVDV 16MHz 21 ALE Low to RD or WR Low tALLRDL Address Valid to RD or WR 22 tAVRDL Low 23 Data Valid to WR Going Low tDVWRL 12MHz tDVWRH 24 Data Valid to WR High 16MHz 25 Data Valid after WR High tWRHDV 26 RD Low to Address Float tRDLAZ 27 RD or WR High to ALE High tRDHALH MIN 1.0 2tCLK - 40 tCLK - 40 tCLK - 35 6tCLK - 100 6tCLK - 100 MAX 16 UNITS MHz ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 0 tCLK + 50 ns ns ns
5tCLK - 165 5tCLK - 105 0 2tCLK - 70 8tCLK - 150 8tCLK - 90 9tCLK - 165 9tCLK - 105 3tCLK + 50
3tCLK - 50 4tCLK - 130 tCLK - 60 7tCLK - 150 7tCLK - 90 tCLK-50 tCLK - 40
Figure 1. Expanded Data Memory Read Cycle
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 2. Expanded Data Memory Write Cycle
AC CHARACTERISTICS--EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 3) # PARAMETER SYMBOL 28 29 30 31 External Clock High Time External Clock Low Time External Clock Rise Time External Clock Fall Time tCLKHPW tCLKLPW tCLKR tCLKF CONDITIONS 12MHz 16MHz 12MHz 16MHz 12MHz 16MHz 12MHz 16MHz MIN 20 15 20 15 MAX UNITS ns ns 20 15 20 15 ns ns
Figure 3. External Clock Timing
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
AC CHARACTERISTICS--POWER CYCLE TIME
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 4) # PARAMETER 32 Slew Rate from VCCMIN to VLI 33 Crystal Startup Time 34 Power-on Reset Delay SYMBOL tF tCSU tPOR MIN 130 MAX (Note 9) 21504 UNITS s tCLK
Figure 4. Power Cycle Timing
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
AC CHARACTERISTICS--SERIAL PORT TIMING, MODE 0
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 5) # PARAMETER 35 Serial Port Clock Cycle Time 36 Output Data Setup to Rising Clock Edge 37 Output Data Hold after Rising Clock Edge 38 Clock Rising Edge to Input Data Valid 39 Input Data Hold after Rising Clock Edge SYMBOL tSPCLK tDOCH tCHDO tCHDV tCHDIV MIN 12tCLK 10tCLK - 133 2tCLK - 117 0 MAX UNITS s ns ns ns ns
10tCLK - 133
Figure 5. Serial Port Timing, Mode 0
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
AC CHARACTERISTICS--BYTE-WIDE ADDRESS/DATA BUS TIMING
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 6) # PARAMETER 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Delay to Byte-Wide Address Valid from CE1, CE2, or CE1N Low During Op Code Fetch Pulse Width of CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N Byte-Wide Address Hold After CE1, CE2, or CE1N High During Op Code Fetch Byte-Wide Data Setup to CE1, CE2, or CE1N High During Op Code Fetch Byte-Wide Data Hold After CE1, CE2, or CE1N High During Op Code Fetch Byte-Wide Address Hold After CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N High During MOVX Delay from Byte-Wide Address Valid CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N Low During MOVX Byte-Wide Data Setup to CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N High During MOVX (Read) Byte-Wide Data Hold After CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N High During MOVX (Read) Byte-Wide Address Valid to R/W Active During MOVX (Write) Delay from R/W Low to Valid Data Out During MOVX (Write) Valid Data Out Hold Time from CE1-4, PE1-4, or CE1N High Valid Data Out Hold Time from R/W High Write Pulse Width (R/W Low Time) SYMBOL tCE1LPA tCEPW tCE1HPA tOVCE1H tCE1HOV tCEHDA tCELDA tDACEH tCEHDV tAVRWL tRWLDV tCEHDV tRWHDV tRWLPW 4tCLK - 35 2tCLK - 20 1tCLK + 40 0 4tCLK - 30 4tCLK - 35 1tCLK + 40 0 3tCLK - 35 20 1tCLK - 15 0 6tCLK - 20 MIN MAX 30 UNITS ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Figure 6. Byte-Wide Bus Timing
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
RPC AC CHARACTERISTICS, DBB READ
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 7) # PARAMETER 54 CS, A0 Setup to RD 55 56 57 58 59
CS, A0 Hold After RD RD Pulse Width CS, A0 to Data Out Delay RD to Data Out Delay RD to Data Float Delay
SYMBOL tAR tRA tRR tAD tRD tRDZ
MIN 0 0 160
MAX
UNITS ns ns ns
130 0 130 85
ns ns ns
RPC AC CHARACTERISTICS, DBB WRITE
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) (Figure 7) # PARAMETER 60 CS, A0 Setup to WR 61A 61B 62 63 64
CS, Hold After WR
SYMBOL tAW tWA tWA tWW tDW tWD
MIN 0 0 20 160 130 20
MAX
UNITS ns ns ns ns ns ns
A0, Hold After WR
WR Pulse Width
Data Setup to WR Data Hold After WR
AC CHARACTERISTICS, DMA
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) # PARAMETER 65 66 67 68
DACK to WR or RD RD or WR to DACK DACK to Data Valid RD or WR to DRQ Cleared
SYMBOL tACC tCAC tACD tCRQ
MIN 0 0 0
MAX
UNITS ns ns
130 110
ns ns
AC CHARACTERISTICS, PROG
(VCC = 5V 10%, TA = 0C to +70C.) # PARAMETER 69 PROG Low to Active 70
PROG High to Inactive
SYMBOL tPRA tPRI
MIN 48 48
MAX
UNITS CLKS CLKS
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 7. RPC Timing Mode
All parameters apply to both commercial and industrial temperature operation unless otherwise noted. Note 1: All voltages are referenced to ground. Note 2: Maximum operating ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with tCLKR, tCLKF = 10 ns, VIL = 0.5V; XTAL2 disconnected; RST = PORT0 = VCC, MSEL = VSS. Note 3: Idle mode IIDLE is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with tCLKR,tCLKF = 10ns, VIL = 0.5V; XTAL2 disconnected; PORT0 = VCC, RST = MSEL = VSS. Note 4: Stop mode ISTOP is measured with all output pins disconnected; PORT0 = VCC; XTAL2 not connected; RST = MSEL = XTAL1 = VSS. Note 5: Pin capacitance is measured with a test frequency: 1MHz, TA = +25C. Note 6: ICCO1 is the maximum average operating current that can be drawn from VCCO in normal operation. Note 7: ILI is the current drawn from VLI input when VCC = 0V and VCCO is disconnected. Battery-backed mode is 2.5V VBAT 4.0; VCC VBAT; VSDI should be VILS for IBAT max. Note 8: VCCO2 is measured with VCC < VLI, and a maximum load of 10 A on VCCO. Note 9: Crystal startup time is the time required to get the mass of the crystal into vibrational motion from the time that power is first applied to the circuit until the first clock pulse is produced by the on-chip oscillator. The user should check with the crystal vendor for a worst case specification on this time. Note 10: SDI is deglitched to prevent accidental destruction. The pulse must be longer than tSPR to pass the deglitcher, but SDI is not guaranteed unless it is longer than tSPA. Note 11: VIHS minimum is 2.0V or VCCO, whichever is lower. Note 12: This parameter applies to industrial temperature operation. Note 13: PF pin operation is specified with VBAT 3.0V.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
PIN DESCRIPTION
PIN 11, 9, 7, 5, 1, 79, 77, 75 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 60, 64, 66 36 38 39 40 41 44 45 46 34 70 47, 48 52 13 12 54 16, 8, 18, 80, 76, 4, 6, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37 71, 69, 67, 65, 61, 59, 57, 55 10 74 NAME P0.0-P0.7 P1.0-P1.7 P2.0-P2.7 P3.0 RXD P3.1 TXD P3.2 INT0 P3.3 INT1 P3.4 T0 P3.5 T1 P3.6 WR P3.7 RD RST ALE XTAL2, XTAL1 GND VCC VCCO VLI FUNCTION General-Purpose I/O Port 0. This port is open-drain and cannot drive a logic 1. It requires external pullups. Port 0 is also the multiplexed expanded address/data bus. When used in this mode, it does not require pullups. General-Purpose I/O Port 1 General-Purpose I/O Port 2. Also serves as the MSB of the expanded address bus. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.0. Also serves as the receive signal for the on-board UART. This pin should not be connected directly to a PC COM port. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.1. Also serves as the transmit signal for the on-board UART. This pin should not be connected directly to a PC COM port. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.2. Also serves as the active-low external interrupt 0. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.3. Also serves as the active-low external interrupt 1. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.4. Also serves as the timer 0 input. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin 3.5. Also serves as the timer 1 input. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin. Also serves as the write strobe for Expanded bus operation. General-Purpose I/O Port Pin. Also serves as the read strobe for Expanded bus operation. Active-High Reset Input. A logic 1 applied to this pin activates a reset state. This pin is pulled down internally so this pin can be left unconnected if not used. An RC power-on reset circuit is not needed and is not recommended. Address Latch Enable. Used to demultiplex the multiplexed expanded address/data bus on port 0. This pin is normally connected to the clock input on a '373 type transparent latch. XTAL1, XTAL 2. Used to connect an external crystal to the internal oscillator. XTAL1 is the input to an inverting amplifier and XTAL2 is the output. Logic Ground VCC - +5V VCCO - VCC Output. This is switched between VCC and VLI by internal circuits based on the level of VCC. When power is above the lithium input, power is drawn from VCC. The lithium cell remains isolated from a load. When VCC is below VLI, the VCCO switches to the VLI source. VCCO should be connected to the VCC pin of an SRAM. Lithium Voltage Input. Connect to a lithium cell greater than VLIMIN and no greater than VLIMAX as shown in the electrical specifications. Nominal value is +3V. Byte-Wide Address Bus Bits 14-0. This bus is combined with the nonmultiplexed data bus (BD7-0) to access NV SRAM. Decoding is performed using CE1 through CE4 . Therefore, BA15 is not actually needed. Read/write access is controlled by R/ W . BA14-0 connect directly to an 8k, 32k, or 128k SRAM. If an 8k RAM is used, BA13 and BA14 are unconnected. If a 128k SRAM is used, the micro converts CE2 and CE3 to serve as A16 and A15, respectively. Byte-Wide Data Bus Bits 7-0. This 8-bit bidirectional bus is combined with the nonmultiplexed address bus (BA14-0) to access NV SRAM. Decoding is performed on CE1 and CE2. Read/write access is controlled by R/W. D7-0 connect directly to an SRAM, and optionally to a real-time clock or other peripheral. Read/Write. This signal provides the write enable to the SRAMs on the byte-wide bus. It is controlled by the memory map and partition. The blocks selected as program (ROM) are write-protected. Chip Enable 1. This is the primary decoded chip enable for memory access on the byte-wide bus. It connects to the chip-enable input of one SRAM. CE1 is lithium-backed. It remains in a logic-high inactive state when VCC falls below VLI. Chip Enable 2. This chip enable is provided to access a second 32k block of memory. It connects to the chip-enable input of one SRAM. When MSEL = 0, the micro converts CE2 into A16 for a 128k x 8 SRAM. CE2 is lithium-backed and remains at a logic high when VCC falls below VLI. Chip Enable 3. This chip enable is provided to access a third 32k block of memory. It connects to the chip enable input of one SRAM. When MSEL = 0, the micro converts CE3
BA14-0
BD7-0
R/W CE1
2 63
CE2 CE3
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
PIN NAME FUNCTION into A15 for a 128k x 8 SRAM. CE3 is lithium-backed and remains at a logic high when VCC falls below VLI. Chip Enable 4. This chip enable is provided to access a fourth 32k block of memory. It connects to the chip-enable input of one SRAM. When MSEL = 0, this signal is unused. CE4 is lithium-backed and remains at a logic high when VCC falls below VLI. Peripheral Enable 1. Accesses data memory between addresses 0000h and 3FFFh when the PES bit is set to a logic 1. Commonly used to chip enable a byte-wide real-time clock such as the DS1283. PE1 is lithium-backed and will remain at a logic high when VCC falls below VLI. Connect PE1 to battery-backed functions only. Peripheral Enable 2. Accesses data memory between addresses 4000h and 7FFFh when the PES bit is set to a logic 1. PE2 is lithium-backed and will remain at a logic high when VCC falls below VLI. Connect PE2 to battery-backed functions only. Peripheral Enable 3. Accesses data memory between addresses 8000h and BFFFh when the PES bit is set to a logic 1. PE3 is not lithium-backed and can be connected to any type of peripheral function. If connected to a battery-backed chip, it will need additional circuitry to maintain the chip enable in an inactive state when VCC < VLI. Peripheral Enable 4. Accesses data memory between addresses C000h and FFFFh when the PES bit is set to a logic 1. PE4 is not lithium-backed and can be connected to any type of peripheral function. If connected to a battery-backed chip, it will need additional circuitry to maintain the chip enable in an inactive state when VCC < VLI. Invokes the bootstrap loader on a falling edge. This signal should be debounced so that only one edge is detected. If connected to ground, the micro enters bootstrap loading on powerup. This signal is pulled up internally. This I/O pin (open drain with internal pullup) indicates that the power supply (VCC) has fallen below the VCCMIN level and the micro is in a reset state. When this occurs, the DS5002FP drives this pin to a logic 0. Because the micro is lithium-backed, this signal is guaranteed even when VCC = 0V. Because it is an I/O pin, it also forces a reset if pulled low externally. This allows multiple parts to synchronize their power-down resets. This output goes to a logic 0 to indicate that the micro has switched to lithium backup. This corresponds to VCC < VLI. Because the micro is lithium-backed, this signal is guaranteed even when VCC = 0V. The normal application of this signal is to control lithium powered current to isolate battery-backed functions from non-battery-backed functions. Memory Select. This signal controls the memory size selection. When MSEL = +5V, the DS5002FP expects to use 32k x 8 SRAMs. When MSEL = 0V, the DS5002FP expects to use a 128k x 8 SRAM. MSEL must be connected regardless of partition, mode, etc. Self-Destruct Input. An active high on this pin causes an unlock procedure. This results in the destruction of Vector RAM, Encryption Keys, and the loss of power from VCCO. This pin should be grounded if not used. This is a non-battery-backed version of CE1. It is not generally useful since the DS5002FP cannot be used with EPROM due to its encryption. No Connect
62
CE4
78
PE1
3
PE2
22
PE3
23
PE4
32
PROG
42
VRST
43
PF
14 53 72 73
MSEL SDI CE1N N.C.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The DS5002FP implements a security system that is an improved version of its predecessor, the DS5000FP. Like the DS5000FP, the DS5002FP loads and executes application software in encrypted form. Up to 128kB of standard SRAM can be accessed by its byte-wide bus. This RAM is converted by the DS5002FP into lithiumbacked nonvolatile storage for program and data. Data is maintained for over 10 years at room temperature with a very small lithium cell. As a result, the contents of the RAM and the execution of the software appear unintelligible to the outside observer. The encryption algorithm uses an internally stored and protected key. Any attempt to discover the key value results in its erasure, rendering the encrypted contents of the RAM useless. The secure microprocessor chip offers a number of major enhancements to the software security implemented in the previous generation DS5000FP. First, the DS5002FP provides a stronger software encryption algorithm that incorporates elements of DES encryption. Second, the encryption is based on a 64-bit key word, as compared to the DS5000FP's 40-bit key. Third, the key can only be loaded from an on-chip true random-number generator. As a result, the true key value is never known by the user. Fourth, a self-destruct input (SDI) pin is provided to interface to external tamper-detection circuitry. With or without the presence of VCC, activation of the SDI pin has the same effect as resetting the security lock: immediate erasure of the key word and the 48-byte Vector RAM area. Fifth, an optional top-coating of the die prevents access of information using microprobing techniques. Finally, customerspecific versions of the DS5002FP are available that incorporate a one-of-a-kind encryption algorithm. When implemented as a part of a secure system design, a system based on the DS5002FP can typically provide a level of security that requires more time and resources to defeat than it is worth to unauthorized individuals who have reason to try. For a user who wants a preconstructed module using the DS5002FP, RAM, lithium cell, and a real-time clock, the DS2252T is available and described in a separate data sheet.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating the internal architecture of the DS5002FP. The DS5002FP is a secure implementation of the DS5001FP 128k soft microprocessor chip. As a result, it operates in an identical fashion to the DS5001FP, except where indicated. See the DS5001FP data sheet for operating details.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 8. Block Diagram
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
SECURE OPERATION OVERVIEW
The DS5002FP incorporates encryption of the activity on its byte-wide address/data bus to prevent unauthorized access to the program and data information contained in the NV RAM. Loading an application program in this manner is performed by the bootstrap loader using the general sequence described below: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Clear security lock. Set memory map configuration as for DS5001FP Load application software Set security lock Exit loader
Loading of application software into the program/data RAM is performed while the DS5002FP is in its bootstrap load mode. Loading is only possible when the security lock is clear. If the security lock has previously set, then it must be cleared by issuing the "Z" command from the bootstrap loader. Resetting the security lock instantly clears the previous key word and the contents of the Vector RAM. In addition, the bootstrap ROM writes 0's into the first 32k of external RAM. The user's application software is loaded into external CMOS SRAM by the "L" command in "scrambled" form through on-chip encryptor circuits. Each external RAM address is an encrypted representation of an on-chip logical address. Thus, the sequential instructions of an ordinary program or data table are stored nonsequentially in RAM memory. The contents of the program/data RAM are also encrypted. Each byte in RAM is encrypted by a key- and address-dependent encryptor circuit such that identical bytes are stored as different values in different memory locations. The encryption of the program/data RAM is dependent on an on-chip 64-bit key word. The key is loaded by the ROM firmware just prior to the time that the application software is loaded, and is retained as nonvolatile information in the absence of VCC by the lithium backup circuits. After loading is complete, the key is protected by setting the on-chip security lock, which is also retained as nonvolatile information in the absence of VCC. Any attempt to tamper with the key word and thereby gain access to the true program/data RAM contents results in the erasure of the key word as well as the RAM contents. During execution of the application software, logical addresses on the DS5002FP that are generated from the program counter or data pointer registers are encrypted before they are presented on the byte-wide address bus. Op codes and data are read back and decrypted before they are operated on by the CPU. Similarly, data values written to the external nonvolatile RAM storage during program execution are encrypted before they are presented on the byte-wide data bus during the write operation. This encryption/decryption process is performed in real time such that no execution time is lost as compared to the non-encrypted DS5001FP or 8051 running at the same clock rate. As a result, operation of the encryptor circuitry is transparent to the application software. Unlike the DS5000FP, the DS5002FP chip's security feature is always enabled.
SECURITY CIRCUITRY
The on-chip functions associated with the DS5002FP's software security feature are depicted in Figure 9. Encryption logic consists of an address encryptor and a data encryptor. Although each encryptor uses its own algorithm for encrypting data, both depend on the 64-bit key word which is contained in the Encryption Key registers. Both the encryptors operate during loading of the application software and also during its execution.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 9. Security Circuitry
The address encryptor translates each "logical" address, i.e., the normal sequence of addresses that are generated in the logical flow of program execution, into an encrypted address (or "physical" address) at which the byte is actually stored. Each time a logical address is generated, either during program loading or during program execution, the address encryptor circuitry uses the value of the 64-bit key word and of the address itself to form the physical address, which are presented on the address lines of the RAM. The encryption algorithm is such that there is one and only one physical address for every possible logical address. The address encryptor operates over the entire memory range, which is configured during bootstrap loading for access on the byte-wide bus. As bootstrap loading of the application software is performed, the data encryptor logic transforms the op code, operand, or data byte at any given memory location into an encrypted representation. As each byte is read back to the CPU during program execution, the internal data encryptor restores it to its original value. When a byte is written to the external nonvolatile program/ data RAM during program execution, that byte is stored in encrypted form as well. The data encryption logic uses the value of the 64-bit key, the logical address to which the data is being written, and the value of the data itself to form the encrypted data, which is written to the nonvolatile program/data RAM. The encryption algorithm is repeatable, such that for a given data value, encryption key value, and logical address the encrypted byte will always be the same. However, there are many possible encrypted data values for each possible true data value due to the algorithm's dependency on the values of the logical address and encryption key. When the application software is executed, the internal CPU of the DS5002FP operates as normal. Logical addresses are calculated for op code fetch cycles and also data read and write operations. The DS5002FP has the ability to perform address encryption on logical addresses as they are generated internally during the normal course of program execution. In a similar fashion, data is manipulated by the CPU in its true representation. However, it is also encrypted when it is written to the external program/data RAM, and is restored to its original value when it is read back. When an application program is stored in the format described above, it is virtually impossible to disassemble op codes or to convert data back into its true representation. Address encryption has the effect that the op codes and data are not stored in the contiguous form in which they were assembled, but rather in seemingly random locations in memory. This in itself makes it virtually impossible to determine the normal flow of the program. As an added 16 of 25
DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip protection measure, the address encryptor also generates "dummy" read access cycles whenever time is available during program execution.
DUMMY READ CYCLES
Like the DS5000FP, the DS5002FP generates a "dummy" read access cycle to non-sequential addresses in external RAM memory whenever time is available during program execution. This action has the affect of further complicating the task of determining the normal flow of program execution. During these pseudorandom dummy cycles, the RAM is read to all appearances, but the data is not used internally. Through the use of a repeatable exchange of dummy and true read cycles, it is impossible to distinguish a dummy cycle from a real one.
ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM
The DS5002FP incorporates a proprietary algorithm implemented in hardware, which performs the scrambling of address and data on the byte-wide bus to the SRAM. This algorithm has been greatly strengthened with respect to its DS5000FP predecessor. Improvements include: 1) 64-bit encryption key 2) Incorporation of DES-like operations to provide a greater degree of nonlinearity 3) Customizable encryption The encryption circuitry uses a 64-bit key value (compared to the DS5000FP's 40-bit key), which is stored on the DS5002FP die and protected by the Security Lock function described below. In addition, the algorithm has been strengthened to incorporate certain operations used in DES encryption, so that the encryption of both the addresses and data is highly nonlinear. Unlike the DS5000FP, the encryption circuitry in the DS5002FP is always enabled. Dallas Semiconductor can customize the encryption circuitry by laser programming the die to insure that a unique encryption algorithm is delivered to the customer. In addition, the customer-specific version can be branded as specified by the customer. Please contact Dallas Semiconductor for ordering information of customer-specific versions.
ENCRYPTION KEY
As described above, the on-chip 64-bit encryption key is the basis of both the address and data encryptor circuits. The DS5002FP provides a key management system, which is greatly improved over the DS5000FP. The DS5002FP does not give the user the ability to select a key. Instead, when the loader is given certain commands, the key is set based on the value read from an on-chip hardware random number generator. This action is performed just prior to actually loading the code into the external RAM. This scheme prevents characterization of the encryption algorithm by continuously loading new, known keys. It also frees the user from the burden of protecting the key selection process. The random number generator circuit uses the asynchronous frequency differences of two internal ring oscillator and the processor master clock (determined by XTAL1 and XTAL2). As a result, a true random number is produced.
VECTOR RAM
A 48-byte vector RAM area is incorporated on-chip, and is used to contain the reset and interrupt vector code in the DS5002FP. It is included in the architecture to help insure the security of the application program. If reset and interrupt vector locations were accessed from the external nonvolatile program/data RAM during the execution of the program, then it would be possible to determine the encrypted value of known addresses. This could be done by forcing an interrupt or reset condition and observing the resulting addresses on the byte-wide address/data bus. For example, it is known that when a hardware reset is applied the logical program address is forced to location 0000H and code is executed starting from this location. It would then be possible to determine the encrypted value (or physical address) of the logical address value 0000H by observing the address presented to the external RAM following a hardware reset. Interrupt vector address relationships could be determined in a similar fashion. By using the on-chip vector RAM to contain the interrupt and reset vectors, it is impossible to 17 of 25
DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip observe such relationships. Although it is very unlikely that an application program could be deciphered by observing vector address relationships, the vector RAM eliminates this possibility. Note that the dummy accesses mentioned above are conducted while fetching from vector RAM. The vector RAM is automatically loaded with the user's reset and interrupt vectors during bootstrap loading.
SECURITY LOCK
Once the application program has been loaded into the DS5002FP's NV RAM, the security lock can be enabled by issuing the "Z" command in the bootstrap loader. While the security lock is set, no further access to program/data information is possible by the on-chip ROM. Access is prevented by both the bootstrap loader firmware and the DS5002FP encryptor circuits. Access to the NV RAM can only be regained by clearing the security lock by the "U" command in the bootstrap loader. This action triggers several events, which defeat tampering. First, the encryption key is instantaneously erased. Without the encryption key, the DS5002FP is no longer able to decrypt the contents of the RAM. Therefore, the application software can no longer be correctly executed, nor can it be read back in its true form by the bootstrap loader. Second, the vector RAM area is also instantaneously erased, so that the reset and vector information is lost. Third, the bootstrap loader firmware sequentially erases the encrypted RAM area. Lastly, the loader creates and loads a new random key. The Security Lock bit itself is constructed using a multiple-bit latch which is interlaced for self-destruct in the event of tampering. The lock is designed to set-up a "domino-effect" such that erasure of the bit will result in an unstoppable sequence of events that clears critical data including Encryption Key and Vector RAM. In addition, this bit is protected from probing by the top-coating feature mentioned below.
SELF-DESTRUCT INPUT
The self-destruct input (SDI) pin is an active-high input that is used to reset the security lock in response to an external event. The SDI input is intended to be used with external tamper-detection circuitry. It can be activated with or without operating power applied to the VCC pin. Activation of the SDI pin instantly resets the security lock and causes the same sequence of events described above for this action. In addition, power is momentarily removed from the byte-wide bus interface including the VCCO pin, resulting in the loss of data in external RAM.
TOP LAYER COATING
The DS5002FPM is provided with a special top-layer coating that is designed to prevent a probe attack. This coating is implemented with second-layer metal added through special processing of the microcontroller die. This additional layer is not a simple sheet of metal, but rather a complex layout that is interwoven with power and ground, which are in turn connected to logic for the encryption key and the security lock. As a result, any attempt to remove the layer or probe through it results in the erasure of the security lock and/or the loss of encryption key bits.
BOOTSTRAP LOADING
Initial loading of application software into the DS5002FP is performed by firmware within the on-chip bootstrap loader communicating with a PC by the on-chip serial port in a manner that is almost identical to that for the DS5001FP. The user should consult the DS5001FP data sheet as a basis of operational characteristics of this firmware. Certain differences in loading procedure exist in order to support the security feature. These differences are documented below. Table 1 summarizes the commands accepted by the bootstrap loader. When the bootstrap loader is invoked, portions of the 128-byte scratchpad RAM area are automatically overwritten with 0's, and then used for variable storage for the bootstrap firmware. Also, a set of 8 bytes are generated using the random number generator circuitry and are saved as a potential word for the 64-bit encryption key. Any read or write operation to the DS5002FP's external program/data SRAM can only take place if the security lock bit is in a cleared state. Therefore, the first step in loading a program should be the clearing of the security lock bit through the "U" command.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Table 1. Serial Bootstrap Loader Commands
COMMAND C D F G I L M N P R T U V W Z FUNCTION Return CRC-16 of the program/data NV RAM Dump Intel Hex file Fill program/data NV RAM Get data from P1, P2, and P3 N/A on the DS5002FP Load Intel Hex file Toggle modem available bit Set freshness seal--all program and data is lost Put data into P0, P1, P2, and P3 Read status of NV SFRs (MCON, RPCTL, MSL, CALIB) Trace (echo) incoming Intel Hex code Clear Security Lock Verify program/data NV RAM with incoming Intel Hex data Write special function registers (MCON, RPCTL, MSL, CALIB) Set security lock
Execution of certain bootstrap loader commands result in the loading of the newly generated 64-bit random number into the encryption key word. These commands are as follows: Fill Load Dump Verify CRC F L D V C
Execution of the Fill and Load commands result in the data loaded into the NV RAM in an encrypted form determined by the value of the newly generated key word. The subsequent execution of the Dump command within the same bootstrap session causes the contents of the encrypted RAM to be read out and transmitted back to the host PC in decrypted form. Similarly, execution of the Verify command within the same bootstrap session causes the incoming absolute hex data to be compared against the true contents of the encrypted RAM, and the CRC command returns the CRC value calculated from the true contents of the encrypted RAM. As long as any of the above commands are executed within the same bootstrap session, the loaded key value remains the same, and the contents of the encrypted program/data NV RAM can be read or written normally and freely until the security lock bit is set. When the security lock bit is set using the Z command, no further access to the true RAM contents is possible using any bootstrap command or by any other means.
INSTRUCTION SET
The DS5002FP executes an instruction set that is object code-compatible with the industry standard 8051 microcontroller. As a result, software development packages such as assemblers and compilers that have been written for the 8051 are compatible with the DS5002FP. A complete description of the instruction set and operation are provided in the Secure Microcontroller User's Guide. Also note that the DS5002FP is embodied in the DS2252T module. The DS2252T combines the DS5002FP with between 32k and 128k of SRAM, a lithium cell, and a real-time clock. This is packaged in a 40-pin SIMM module.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
Figure 10 illustrates the memory map accessed by the DS5002FP. The entire 64k of program and 64k of data are potentially available to the byte-wide bus. This preserves the I/O ports for application use. The user controls the portion of memory that is actually mapped to the byte-wide bus by selecting the program range and data range. Any area not mapped into the NV RAM is reached by the expanded bus on ports 0 and 2. An alternate configuration allows dynamic partitioning of a 64k space as shown in Figure 11. Selecting PES = 1 provides another 64k of potential data storage or memory mapped peripheral space as shown in Figure 12. These
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip selections are made using special function registers. The memory map and its controls are covered in detail in the Secure Microcontroller User's Guide.
Figure 10. Memory Map in Nonpartitionable Mode (PM = 1)
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 11. Memory Map In Partitionable Mode (PM = 0)
Figure 12. Memory Map with PES = 1
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip Figure 13 illustrates a typical memory connection for a system using a 128kB SRAM. Note that in this configuration, both program and data are stored in a common RAM chip. Figure 14 shows a similar system with using two 32kB SRAMs. The byte-wide address bus connects to the SRAM address lines. The bidirectional byte-wide data bus connects the data I/O lines of the SRAM.
Figure 13. Connection to 128k x 8 SRAM
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
Figure 14. Connection to 64k x 8 SRAM
POWER MANAGEMENT
The DS5002FP monitors VCC to provide power-fail reset, early warning power-fail interrupt, and switchover to lithium backup. It uses an internal bandgap reference in determining the switch points. These are called VPFW , VCCMIN, and VLI respectively. When VCC drops below VPFW, the DS5002FP will perform an interrupt vector to location 2Bh if the power-fail warning was enabled. Full processor operation continues regardless. When power falls further to VCCMIN, the DS5002FP invokes a reset state. No further code execution is performed unless power rises back above VCCMIN. All decoded chip enables and the R/W signal go to an inactive (logic 1) state. VCC is still the power source at this time. When VCC drops further to below VLI, internal circuitry switch to the lithium cell for power. The majority of internal circuits will be disabled and the remaining nonvolatile states will be retained. Any devices connected VCCO will be powered by the lithium cell at this time. VCCO is at the lithium battery voltage minus approximately 0.45V (less a diode drop). This drop varies depending on the load. Low-power SRAMs should be used for this reason. When using the DS5002FP, the user must select the appropriate battery to match the RAM data retention current and the desired backup lifetime. Note that the lithium cell is only loaded when VCC < VLI. The Secure Microcontroller User's Guide has more information on this topic. The trip points VCCMIN and VPFW are listed in the electrical specifications.
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
SELECTOR GUIDE
PART DS5002FP-16 DS5002FPM-16 DS5002FP-16N DS5002FMN-16 TEMP RANGE 0C to +70C 0C to +70C** -40C to +85C** -40C to +85C MAX CLOCK SPEED (MHz) 16 16 16 16 PINPACKAGE 80 QFP 80 QFP 80 QFP 80 QFP
**Internal Microprobe Shield
PACKAGE INFORMATION
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/DallasPackInfo.)
DIM A A1 A2 B C D D1 E E1 e L
56-G4005-001
MM MIN MAX -- 3.40 0.25 -- 2.55 2.87 0.30 0.50 0.13 0.23 23.70 24.10 19.90 20.10 17.70 18.10 13.90 14.10 0.80 BSC 0.65 0.95
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DS5002FP Secure Microprocessor Chip
REVISION HISTORY
REVISION 112795 073096 111996 061297 DESCRIPTION Original release. Change VCC02 specification from VLI - 0.5 to VLI - 0.65 (PCN F62501). Update mechanical specifications. Change VCC01 from VCC - 0.3 to VCC - 0.35. PF signal moved from VOL2 test specification to VOL1. PCN No. (D72502). AC characteristics for battery-backed SDI pulse specification added. Reduced absolute maximum voltage to VCC + 0.5V. Added note clarifying storage temperature specification is for nonbattery-backed state. Deleted IBAT specification (Duplicate of ILI specification). Changed RRE min (industrial temp range) from 40k to 30k. Changed VPFW max (industrial temp range) from 4.5V to 4.6V. Added industrial specification for ILI. Reduced tCE1HOV and tCEHDV from 10ns to 0ns. Minor revisions and approval. Update VCCO and ICCO1 specifications to reflect 0.45V internal voltage drop instead of 0.35V. Ordering information updated. Reset Trip Point in Stop Mode (DC Characteristics) with BAT = 3.0V was changed to 3.3V (original issue was 3.3V).
051499
052599 062102 100102 030403
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